Knowing the components of Economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of the Economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding Economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and Economic ethics (Economic fields in the society); The dimension of Economic concepts and knowledge (indices in Economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

Background and Aim: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) do not cause premature death and has no definitive treatment. Thus, the life time cost of ASD is very high. Identification of the factors contributing to the cost of this disorder has a key role in its cost management. The purpose of this study was to investigate social factors affecting ASD costs. Material and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, in 2017, by using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Social and Economic factors contributing to ASD’ s direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs of ASD were investigated. 290 ASD patients, were entered into the study. Using SPSS software, 21st version, appropriate statistical tests (Spearman and Pearson tests, independent T-test and ANOVA test) were used for data analysis. Results: The mean total cost for an ASD patient was 223, 561, 841 Rials (6, 883 $US). About 32%, 52% and 16% of the total costs were related to direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs. ASD costs had statistically significant relationships with the patient age, gender, education, type of school, parents’ job, family income and health insurance. Conclusion: Autism imposes heavy costs on the patients and their families. Cost of ASD could be affected by social factors such as age, gender, education, health insurance, job and income. Therefore, health policy makers and health care managers must take special measures for prevention and control of this disorder, treatment, cost management and provision of social and Economic support.

Background: The Economic burden of asthma is a major public health concern. This study estimates the Economic burden of asthma in Northwest of Iran. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 in Tabriz (Iran) using the Persian version of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. Direct and indirect costs associated with asthma were estimated based on the societal perspective, prevalence-based approach, and bottom-up method. Annual indirect costs were estimated using the human capital (HC) method. The structural equation model was used to evaluate the relationship between costs, sex, and asthma severity. Results: A total of 621 patients with asthma were enrolled in the study. Significant differences were found between female and male patients for the mean cost of radiology (P=0. 006), laboratory (P=0. 028), and diagnostic (P=0. 017) tests at baseline, and for laboratory (P=0. 012), and diagnostic (P=0. 027) tests at one-year follow-up. The more severe asthma, the more significant the costs for annual physician office visits (P=0. 040) and medications (P=0. 013). As asthma severity increased, significantly higher expenditures were observed in women for days lost from work at baseline (P=0. 009) and one-year follow-up (P=0. 001), and in men for productivity loss at work due to impairment at baseline (P=0. 045). A significant association between indirect costs and the cost of impairment-related lost productivity at work (β, =3. 29, P<0. 001), and between severe asthma and indirect costs (β, =32. 36, P<0. 001) was observed. Conclusion: High costs are incurred by Iranian asthma patients, especially because of impairment-related productivity loss at work associated with asthma exacerbation.

Background: Psychiatric disorders are very common, but their Economic costs are not calculated transparently, while they are associated with significant Economic consequences. This study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect costs of psychiatric disorders in 2017. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was performed on all psychiatric patients admitted to hospitals in Ibn-e-Sina and Hejazi hospitals of Mashhad (northeastern Iran). According to the International book of ICD10, the medical records of psychiatric patients admitted with the Code of Mental and Behavioral Disorders (F32-F33. 9) were first identified and their costs of hospitalization were extracted and investigated from the Hospital Information System. The Top-Down Approach was used to estimate the costs. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: During the study period, 6896 patients were discharged, of which 1915 (28%) had mood disorders and among the mood patients, 300 (16%) had depression. The highest treatment cost for psychiatric patients was paid by insurance (93%). The average length of stay in the hospital was 23. 6 days, and the average cost of each patient was $ 1020. The greatest cost of depression patients is related to hoteling (62%) and doctor's visit (24%). Conclusion: Policymakers can use technical and operational methods to detect and eliminate the causes of adverse deviations to improve productivity and efficiency. Cost savings by providing healthcare prevention services can reduce the direct costs of hospitals.